citation systems

• endnotes
  • essays and chapters in edited books, pinpoint reference, 6.2.6(b)
  • journal articles, pinpoint reference, 6.4.8
  • looseleafs, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
  • modification of footnote rules for, 2.1.1
  • online commentaries, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
  • texts, pinpoint reference, 6.1.8(d)
• footnotes see footnote format and content
• in-text citation
  • emphasis added in quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(iv)
  • legislative provisions, 4.1.1(d)
  • modification of footnote rules for, 2.1.1
  • quoted text including retained footnotes, 1.2.2(b)(ii)

“City Council”, in case name, 3.2.1(b)

civil appeals, court rules, Appendix 6

civil aviation rules, 4.3.4

codes, 4.3.4

Colonial Law Journal (1865-1875), 3.2.5(e)

commas

• in numbers, 1.2.3(a)
• international arbitral decisions, date of unreported decision, 10.3.2(f)
• international criminal courts and tribunals,
  • case numbers, 10.2.2(e)
  • chamber, 10.2.2(e)
• journal articles, footnote or endnote, pinpoint reference, 6.4.8
• legislative provisions, pinpoint reference, 4.1.1(d)
• multiple paragraphs or pages, pinpoint reference, 3.2.8(b)
• newspaper section titles, 7.2.4
• paper and report publishers, 5.4(b)
• separation of neutral citation and reported citation, 3.2.2(c)
• serial (Oxford), 1.1.2
• speeches
  • location and date, 7.5.4
  • speaker, 7.5.2
• Supplementary Order Papers, pinpoint reference, 4.2.3(d)
• texts
  • edition number, 6.1.4
  • publisher, 6.1.5
• treaties
  • bilateral treaties, parties’ names, 10.1.1(b)
  • date, 10.1.1(d)
• United Nations
  • other documents, session number, 10.4.3(b)
  • Yearbook of the International Law Commission, volume and part numbers, 10.4.4(d)
• unpublished interviews
  • details, 7.3.5
  • interviewer, 7.3.4
• unreported cases, file number citation, 3.4.5(f)

Commerce Commission, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

“Commissioner of Inland Revenue”, in case name, 3.2.1(b)

common case names, 3.2.1(e)

Common Law Market Reports (CLMR), 10.5.1(b)(ii)

Common Pleas, official reports for England and Wales, Appendix 4

Commonwealth Law Reports (CLR), 8.2.1(a)

• court identifier exception, 3.2.7(b)
• Privy Council judgments in, 3.2.7(b)

companies/corporate entities

• annual reports, 5.4
• legal entity abbreviations, 1.1.7(h)
• parties’ names, 3.2.1(b)

“Compare” references in footnotes, 2.2.4(b)

conference papers, 6.7.2

consolidated cases, 3.2.1(i)

constitutional persons/institutions, use of capital letters, 1.1.5

contractions, 1.1.7(a)

contractual clauses (“cl”/”cls”), 1.1.7(g)

“Contrast” references in footnotes, 2.2.4(b)

conventions see treaties

Copyright Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

corporate entities see companies/corporate entities

Council of Europe, 10.5

country name abbreviations, 1.1.7(d)

court identifiers

• Australia
  • Commonwealth Law Reports, exception, 3.2.7(b)
  • neutral citation, 8.2.2(a), Appendix 2
• Canada
  • neutral citation, 8.3.3, Appendix 3
  • Supreme Court Reports, exception, 3.2.7(b)
• England and Wales
  • neutral citation, 8.4.4, Appendix 4
  • nominate reports, 8.4.2(c)
  • reported cases, 8.4.3
• European Commission of Human Rights, 10.5.4(b)
• European Court of Human Rights, 10.5.3(a), 10.5.3(b)
• European Union
  • cases from 2012 onwards, 10.5.1(c)(iii)
  • cases prior to 1989, 10.5.1(b)(iv)
• international criminal courts and tribunals, 10.2.2(c)
• neutral citation
  • general rule, 3.3.3(a)
  • NZ courts, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • NZ tribunals, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1
• particular decision of court or tribunal normally using neutral citation fails to include neutral citation, 3.3.3(d)
• reported cases, 3.2.7(a)
• Scotland
  • neutral citation, 8.5.2(b)
  • reported cases, 8.5.1(b)
• United States
  • federal courts, 8.6.2
  • state courts, 8.6.3(a)
  • Supreme Court Reports, exception, 3.2.7(b)
• unreported cases, file number citation, 3.4.3

Court of Appeal

• judges, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.1(a), 3.3.3(b)
• President, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• reported cases see reported cases
• suppressed names, inclusion of court file number, 3.2.1(g)
• unreported cases see unreported cases; unreported cases (file number citation)

Court of Appeal (Civil) Rules 2005, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

Court of Appeal (Criminal) Rules 2001, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

Court of Appeal (England and Wales),
1.1.6(d)(ii)

Court of First Instance (CFI), 10.5, 10.5.1

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 10.5, 10.5.1

court rules, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

courts

• see also judges
• Australia, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
• Canada, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
• England and Wales, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
• European, 10.5
• identifiers see court identifiers
• names, general rules, 1.1.6(c)
• New Zealand, 1.1.6(d)(i)

Courts of New Zealand website

• Supreme Court, transcripts of oral argument, 3.8
• use of judges’ first names, 1.1.6(d)(i)

Criminal Appeal Reports, case numbers, 3.2.6(b)

criminal appeals, court rules, Appendix 6

cross-referencing in footnotes see footnote format and content

Crown, The

• case name, 3.2.1(c)
• “Crown”, 1.1.5

Crown Cases Reserved, official reports for England and Wales, Appendix 4

currency, 1.2.4

Customs Appeal Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

D

“Dame”, 6.1.2(c)

dates

• enactment/judgment/publication etc see under particular sources/types of information
• expression
  • centuries, 1.2.3(e)
  • decades, 1.2.3(d)
  • format, 1.2.3(b)
  • spans of years, 1.2.3(d)

Declaration of Independence (He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tirene), 4.1.1(e)

deemed regulations, 4.3.4

definitions, statutory, 4.1.1(d)

delegated legislation see secondary legislation

departmental disclosure statements, 5.4(f)

Deportation Review Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

diacritic marks see accent marks

dictionaries

• English, 1.1.1(b)
• Māori, 1.1.1(c)

digests, 3.2.5(d)

directives, European Union, 10.5.2(a), 10.5.2(b), 10.5.2(c)

disallowable instruments not legislative instruments (DINLIs), 4.3.4

dissenting judgments, 3.2.9(d)

“District Council”, in case name, 3.2.1(b)

District Court

• accident compensation appeals, court identifier, 3.3.3(b)
• Chief Judge and judges, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)
• reported cases see reported cases
• unreported cases see unreported cases; unreported cases (file number citation)

District Courts Reports (DCR), 3.2.3(b)(iv)

district identifier, tribunal identifier including, 3.3.3(c)

divorce, official reports for England and Wales, Appendix 4

document format see footnote format and content; format; numbers; quotations

Dominion Law Reports (DLR), 3.2.5(d), 8.3.1(b)

double quotation marks see quotation marks

“Dr”, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)

E

eBooks, 6.1.9

economic materials

• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 10.6.2
• World Trade Organization, 10.6.1

edited versions of historical texts, 7.7.1

editorials, 7.2.2

editors

• essays and chapters in edited books, 6.2.4
• looseleafs, 6.3.2
• online commentaries, 6.3.2
• texts, 6.1.2(g)

elision of page/paragraph numbers, 1.2.3(a), 3.2.8(b)

ellipses

• keyboard shortcut, 1.2.2(b)(v)
• quoted text, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 1.2.2(b)(v)

em dash, 1.2.3(g)

emails, 7.6

• author, 7.6.2
• date, 7.6.5
• general form, 7.6.1
• recipient, 7.6.3
• role of author, 7.6.2
• role of recipient, 7.6.3
• subject, 7.6.4

emphasis

• adding, 1.1.4
• quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(iv)

Employment Court

• Chief Judge and judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)

Employment Relations Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Employment Tribunal, Appendix 1

en dashes

• bilateral treaties, parties’ names, 10.1.1(b)
• keyboard shortcut, 1.2.3(g)
• Māori Land Court/Māori Appellate Court, separation of case name and block name, 3.5.2(a)
• paper and report titles, 5.4(b)
• pinpoint reference, ranges of paragraphs or pages, 3.2.8(b)
• spans of years, 1.2.3(d)
• texts
  • multi-volume works, 6.1.7
  • subtitles, 6.1.3

encyclopaedias see legal encyclopaedias

endnotes

• essays and chapters in edited books, pinpoint reference, 6.2.6(b)
• journal articles, pinpoint reference, 6.4.8
• looseleafs, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• modification of footnote rules for, 2.1.1
• online commentaries, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• texts, pinpoint reference, 6.1.8(d)

England and Wales

• see also House of Lords; United Kingdom
• courts, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
• judges, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
• National Assembly for Wales, 9.4.3(b)
• reported cases
  • All England Law Reports, 3.2.5(d)
  • court identifier, 8.4.3
  • Criminal Appeal Reports, 3.2.6(b)
  • Fleet Street Reports, 3.2.6(b)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • Law Reports (official reports), 8.4.1(a), Appendix 4
  • neutral citation available, 8.4.4, Appendix 4
  • nominate reports, 8.4.2
  • Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, 3.2.6(b)
  • Weekly Law Reports, 8.4.1(b)
• unreported cases, general rules, 8.1

English dictionary, use of, 1.1.1(b)

Environment Court

• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)
• Principal Judge, 1.1.6(d)(i)

essays and chapters in edited books, 6.2

• author, 6.2.2
• citation, general rules see citation, general rules
• citation of text, 6.2.4
• footnote format and content see footnote format and content
• forthcoming works, 6.8
• general form, 6.2.1
• pinpoint reference, 6.2.6
• starting page, 6.2.5
• title, 6.2.3

“et seq”, 2.2.4(b)

“etc”, 1.1.7(a)

European cases, distinguishing between, 10.5

European Commission of Human Rights, 10.5, 10.5.4

European Court of Human Rights, 10.5, 10.5.3

• court identifier, 10.5.3(a), 10.5.3(b)
• general form, 10.5.3
• report series, 10.5.3(a)
• unreported cases, 10.5.3(a)

European Court of Justice (ECJ), 10.5, 10.5.1

European Union

• cases, 10.5.1(a)
  • 2012 onwards, 10.5.1(c)
  • prior to 2012, 10.5.1(b)
• legislation, 10.5.2
• Official Journal, 10.5.1(b)(ii), 10.5.2(c)

“ex parte”, 3.2.1(d)

Exchequer, official reports for England and Wales, Appendix 4

Executive Council members, honorific titles, 1.1.6(b)

explanatory notes (Bills), 4.2.2

extracts, cases, 3.2.5(d)

extrajudicial writing, 1.1.6(d)(v), 6.1.2(d)

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, 10.2.2

F

Family Court

• fictional names in cases selected for publication on website, 3.2.1(g)
• identification of parties, 3.2.1(g)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)
• Principal Judge and judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)

Family Division (Fam), official reports for England and Wales, 8.4.1(a), Appendix 4

“f”/”ff”, 2.2.4(b)

figures see numbers

file number citation see unreported cases (file number citation)

Fleet Street Reports, case numbers, 3.2.6(b)

font

• long quotations, 1.2.2(a)(ii)
• university work, Appendix 7 (II)

footnote format and content

• court identifier, case without neutral citation, 3.2.7(a)
• essays and chapters in edited books, pinpoint reference, 6.2.6(b)
• extrajudicial writing, 6.1.2(d)
• first and subsequent references to cited source, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.3.1
  • choice of style, 2.3.1
  • commercial style, 2.3.1(b)
  • general style, 2.3.1(a)
    • “above n x” format, 2.3.1(a), 2.3.1(a)(i), 2.3.1(a)(v), 2.3.2
    • cases, 2.3.1(a)(i)
    • essays and chapters in edited books, 2.3.1(a)(iv)
    • legislation, 2.3.1(a)(ii)
    • texts and articles, 2.3.1(a)(iii)
  • “Ibid”, 2.3.1(a)(i)
  • reference tags for cases, 2.3.2
• foreign language translations, 1.1.1(e)
• honorifics/post-nominal titles, 6.1.2(c)
• introductory signals (“See”/”Compare”/”Contrast”), 2.2.4(b)
• journal articles, pinpoint reference, 6.4.8
• legislative provisions, 4.1.1(d)
• location, 2.2.3
• location and content of citation information in main text, 2.1.2
• looseleafs, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• Māori language
  • explanations of key concepts, 1.1.1(c)
  • translations, 1.1.1(c)
• numbering format and sequence, 2.2.1
• online commentaries, pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• peerage titles in, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)
• position of number in main text
  • general rules, 2.2.2
  • long quotations, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 2.2.2
  • short quotations, 1.2.2(a)(i), 2.2.2
• punctuation, 2.1.3, 2.2.4(a)
• quoted text including retained footnotes in, 1.2.2(b)(ii)
• reference tags
  • cases, 2.3.2, 3.2.1(f)
  • generally, 1.1.7(c)
• texts, pinpoint reference, 6.1.8(d)

foreign jurisdictions see Australia; Canada; England and Wales; international criminal courts and tribunals; international materials; judges’ names; Northern Ireland Assembly; Scotland; United Kingdom; United Nations; United States

foreign language materials, 1.1.1(f)

foreign words or phrases, 1.1.1(e)

format

• court rules, Appendix 6
• currency, 1.2.4
• dates see dates
• footnotes see footnote format and content
• numbered and bulleted lists, 1.2.1
• numbers see numbers
• quoted text see quotations
• times, 1.2.3(c)
• university work, additional rules, Appendix 7

forthcoming works, 6.8

French language, legal terms, 1.1.1(d)

full stops

• abbreviations, 2.1.3
  • footnote format, 2.2.4(a)
• acronyms, 1.1.7(e)
• footnote format, 2.2.4(a)
• lists, 1.2.1
• short quotations, 1.2.2(a)(i)

  G

Gazette see New Zealand Gazette

Gazette Law Reports (GLR), 3.2.3(b)(ii)

gender-specific language, 1.1.1(a)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), official documents, 10.6.2

General Assembly, 4.1.3

General Court (GCE), 10.5, 10.5.1

general editors

• essays and chapters in edited books, 6.2.4
• looseleafs, 6.3.2
• online commentaries, 6.3.2
• texts, 6.1.2(g)

geographic names, Māori, 1.1.1(c)

Government Bill exposure drafts, 5.4(f)

government departments

• capitalisation of names, 1.1.5
• Māori names, 1.1.1(c)

government publications, 5.2

• see also parliamentary materials
• Cabinet documents, 5.2.1
• Cabinet Manual, 5.2.2
• Law Commission reports, 5.2.3
• New Zealand Gazette see New Zealand Gazette
• papers and reports, 5.4
  • author, 5.4(a)
  • date, 5.4(e)
  • examples, 5.4(f)
  • italics in titles, 1.1.3, 5.4(b)
  • official citation available, 5.4(d)
  • publisher, 5.4(c)
  • title, 5.4(b)
• press releases, official document reference, 7.4.4

grammar

• generally, Appendix 7
• quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(iii)

  H

Halsbury’s Laws of England

• abbreviations for nominate reports, 8.4.2(b)
• hardcopy, 6.5.1
• online, 6.5.2
• reissue information, 6.5.1

Hansard, 5.1.1

He Whakaputanga o te Rangatiratanga o Nu Tirene (Declaration of Independence), 4.1.1(e)

headings

• court rules, Appendix 6
• university work, Appendix 7 (IV)

“he”/”his”, 1.1.1(a)

High Court

• Associate Judges/Masters, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• judges, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.1(a), 3.3.3(b)
• pre-1980, use of “SC” as court identifier, 3.2.7(a)
• reported cases see reported cases
• unreported cases see unreported cases; unreported cases (file number citation)

High Court (England and Wales), 1.1.6(d)(ii)

High Court Rules 2016, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

historic judgments

• Lost Cases Project, 3.7.2
• newspaper reports, 3.7.1

historical materials

• archived materials, 7.7.2
• edited or translated versions of texts, 7.7.1

honorific titles

• footnotes, references in, 6.1.2(c)
• judges
  • Australia, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
  • Canada, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
  • England and Wales, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
  • “his Honour”, “her Honour”, “their Honours”, 1.1.5, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • New Zealand, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• Members of Parliament, 1.1.6(b)
• use, generally, 1.1.6(a)

House of Commons, Parliamentary Debates, 5.1.1

House of Lords

• Parliamentary Debates, 5.1.1
• peerage titles, 1.1.6(a), 1.1.6(d)(ii)

Human Rights Review Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

hyphens

• Bills, bar number, 4.2.1(d)
• en dash/em dash distinguished, 1.2.3(g)
• English words, 1.1.1(b)

  I

“Ibid”, 2.3.1(a)(i)

Immigration Advisors Complaints and Disciplinary Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Immigration and Protection Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

imperial legislation, 4.1.2, 9.4.1

imperial measurement, units of, 1.1.7(b)

“(in liq)”, 3.2.1(b)

“(in rec)”, 3.2.1(b)

“In re”/”In the matter of”, 3.2.1(d)

“(in stat man)”, 3.2.1(b)

“Inc”, 3.2.1(b)

initialisms, 1.1.7(e), 2.1.3

Intellectual Property Office of New Zealand, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

international criminal courts and tribunals, 10.2.2

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 10.2.2

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 10.2.2

International Education Appeal Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

International Law Commission, 10.4.4

International Law Reports (ILR), 10.3.1(e)

international materials, 10

• arbitral decisions, 10.3
  • reported, 10.3.1
  • unreported, 10.3.2
• European Commission of Human Rights, 10.5, 10.5.4
• European Court of Human Rights, 10.5, 10.5.3
• European materials, generally, 10.5
• European Union
  • cases, 10.5.1
  • legislation, 10.5.2
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 10.6.2
• International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice, 10.2.1
  • advisory opinions, 10.2.1(e)
  • background, 10.2.1(a)
  • case name, 10.2.1(b)
  • general form, 10.2.1
  • parties’ names, 10.2.1(c)
  • phase, 10.2.1(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 10.2.1(i)
  • publication, 10.2.1(g)
  • starting page or case number, 10.2.1(h)
  • year and volume number, 10.2.1(f)
• treaties, 10.1
  • date, 10.1.1(d)
  • general form, 10.1.1
  • name, 10.1.1(a)
  • parties’ names, 10.1.1(b)
  • pinpoint reference, 10.1.1(e)
  • treaty series citation, 10.1.1(c)
  • United Nations Treaty Collection, 10.1.1(c)
• United Nations see United Nations
• World Trade Organization, 10.6.1

International System of Units, 1.1.7(b)

Internet materials, 7.1

• author, 7.1.2
• blogs, 7.1.1
• cases, 7.1.9
• citing to paper source, 7.1.1
• date of creation, 7.1.4
• document titles, 7.1.3
• general form, 7.1.1
• paper version difficult to access, 7.1.1
• pinpoint reference, 7.1.7
• podcasts, 7.1.8
• social media, 7.1.10
• URLs, 7.1.6
• website name different from author’s name, 7.1.5
• working papers, 7.1.1

interviews, 7.3

• date, 7.3.6
• general form, 7.3.1
• interviewee, 7.3.2
• interviewer, 7.3.4
• place of interview, 7.3.5
• position of interviewee, 7.3.3
• programme and broadcast details, 7.3.5
• publication in journal or text, 7.3.1
• transcript details, 7.3.7

in-text citation

• emphasis added in quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(iv)
• legislative provisions, 4.1.1(d)
• modification of footnote rules for, 2.1.1
• quoted text including retained footnotes, 1.2.2(b)(ii)

introductory signals in footnotes (“See”/”Compare”/”Contrast”), 2.2.4(b)

italics

• case name, 1.1.3, 3.2.1(a)
  • common, 3.2.1(e)
• emphasis, adding, 1.1.4
• English words, 1.1.3
• foreign language titles, 1.1.1(f)
• foreign words or phrases, 1.1.1(e)
• international arbitral decisions: reported
  • parties’ names, 10.3.1(b)
  • phase or type of decision, 10.3.1(c)
• international arbitral decisions, unreported
  • parties’ names, 10.3.2(b)
  • phase or type of decision, 10.3.2(c)
• International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice
  • advisory opinions, 10.2.1(e)
  • case name, 10.2.1(b)
  • parties’ names, 10.2.1(c)
  • phase, 10.2.1(d)
• international criminal courts and tribunals, phase or type of decision, 10.2.2(b)
• Internet document titles, 7.1.3
• journal article titles, 6.4.3
• legal terms, Latin and French words, 1.1.1(d)
• looseleaf titles, 6.3.3
• Māori words, 1.1.1(c), 1.1.3
• newspaper article titles, 7.2.3
• newspaper section titles, 7.2.4
• newspaper titles, 1.1.3
• online commentary titles, 6.3.3
• paper and report titles, 1.1.3, 5.4(b)
• press release titles, 7.4.3
• reference tags, 1.1.7(c)
• speech titles, 7.5.3
• text titles, 1.1.3, 6.1.3
• United Nations
  • other documents, title, 10.4.3(a)
  • resolutions, title, 10.4.2(a)
• Yearbook of the International Law Commission, document titles, 10.4.4(a)

  J

journal articles, 6.4

• author, 6.4.2
• citation see citation, general rules; footnote format and content
• general form, 6.4.1
• interviews in, 7.3.1
• issue number, 6.4.5
• journal title abbreviations, 6.4.6
• pinpoint reference, 6.4.8
• starting page, 6.4.7
• title, 6.4.3
• volume number, 6.4.5
• year, 6.4.4

judges

• dissenting judgments, 3.2.9(d)
• identification, 3.2.9
• judicial hierarchy, foreign jurisdictions, 1.1.6(c)
• names see judges’ names
• “per”, 3.2.9(a)

judges’ names

• Australia, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
• Canada, 1.1.6(d)(iii)
• England and Wales, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
• New Zealand, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
  • acting judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • Associate Judges/Masters, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
  • Chief Judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • Chief Justice, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
  • extrajudicial writing, 1.1.6(d)(v), 6.1.2(d)
  • first name use where surname in common, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(b)
  • “his Honour”, “her Honour”, “their Honours”, 1.1.5, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • Principal Judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • promotion or assumption of another role subsequent to writing a judgment, 1.1.6(d)(vi), 3.2.9(e)
  • QCs and SCs, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • subsequent references to a particular judge, 1.1.6(d)(i)
  • unreported cases, file number citation, 3.4.8
• other jurisdictions, 1.1.6(d)(iv)

judgments

• citation, general rules see citation, general rules
• footnote format and content see footnote format and content
• historic
  • Lost Cases Project, 3.7.2
  • newspaper reports, 3.7.1
• Internet/online sources, 7.1.9
• “judgment vs “judgement”, 1.1.1(b)
• Māori Land Court/Māori Appellate Court see Māori Land Court/Māori Appellate Court
• neutral citations see neutral citations
• quotations from see quotations
• reported see reported cases
• rules for determination of how to cite judgment, 3.1
• unreported see unreported cases

jurisdiction, statement of, where common court name, 1.1.6(c)

jurisdiction identifiers

• Australia
  • reported cases, 8.2.2(b)
  • statutes, 9.2
• Canada
  • reported cases, 8.3.2(b)
  • statutes, 9.3.1(c)
• New Zealand
  • reported cases, 3.2.7(c)
  • statutes, 4.1.1(c)
• overseas legislation, generally, 4.1.1(c)
• United Kingdom
  • imperial statutes, 9.4.1(c)
  • national parliaments, post-1998, 9.4.3(b)
  • post-1998, 9.4.3(a)
  • pre-1963 statutes, 9.4.1(c)
  • pre-1998 constitutional reforms, 9.4.2
• United States, 8.6.1(b)
  • federal courts, 8.6.2
  • state courts, 8.6.3(a)

justified text, Appendix 7 (III)

K

keyboard shortcuts

• ellipsis, 1.2.2(b)(v)
• en dash, 1.2.3(g)

“The King”, as party, 3.2.1(c)

King’s Bench (KB), official reports for England and Wales, 8.4.1(a)

L

land transport rules, 4.3.4

Land Valuation Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

language

• foreign language materials, 1.1.1(f)
• foreign words or phrases, 1.1.1(e)
• gender-specific, 1.1.1(a)
• legal terms, Latin and French, 1.1.1(d)
• Māori words and phrases, 1.1.1(c)
  • italics, 1.1.3
• spelling see spelling

“laser”, 1.1.7(e)

Latin, legal terms, 1.1.1(d)

Law Commission reports, 5.2.3

“Law Lords”, 1.1.6(a), 1.1.6(d)(ii)

law reports (New Zealand)

• change in structure, 3.2.3(b)
• citation rules, generally see reported cases
• early report series, 3.2.5(e)
• official series, 3.2.5(c)
• organisation of, 3.2.3(a)
• unofficial series, 3.2.5(d)

law reports (specific jurisdictions)

• Australia
  • official report series, 8.2.1(a), Appendix 2
  • unofficial report series, 8.2.1(b)
• Canada
  • official report series, 8.3.1(a), Appendix 3
  • unofficial report series, 8.3.1(b)
• citation rules, generally see reported cases (specific jurisdictions)
• England and Wales
  • Law Reports (official reports), 8.4.1(a), Appendix 4
  • nominate reports, 8.4.2
  • Weekly Law Reports, 8.4.1(b)
• European Commission of Human Rights, 10.5.4
• European Court of Human Rights, 10.5.3(a)
• European Union, 10.5.1
• international arbitral decisions, 10.3.1
• International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice, 10.2.1
• Scotland, 8.5.1
• United States
  • federal courts, 8.6.2
  • state courts, 8.6.3(b)

Lawyers and Conveyancers Disciplinary Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Lebanon, Special Court for, 10.2.2

Legal Aid Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Legal Citations for Aotearoa New Zealand database, 3.2.5(a), 6.4.6

legal encyclopaedias, 6.5

• hardcopy, 6.5.1
• Laws of England
  • abbreviations for nominate reports, 8.4.2(b)
  • hardcopy, 6.5.1
  • online, 6.5.2
  • reissue information, 6.5.1
• Laws of New Zealand, 6.6
  • hardcopy, 6.6.1
  • online, 6.6.2
• online, 6.5.2
• reissue information, 6.5.1

legal entity abbreviations, 1.1.7(h), 3.2.1(b)

legal persons/institutions, use of capital letters, 1.1.5

legal terms, Latin and French words, 1.1.1(d)

legislation see Bills; secondary legislation; statutes; statutes (specific jurisdictions)

legislative abbreviations, 1.1.7(f), 4.1.1(d)

Legislative Council (1841-1853), 4.1.3

legislative instruments, 4.3.1

letters, 7.6

• author, 7.6.2
• date, 7.6.5
• general form, 7.6.1
• recipient, 7.6.3
• role of author, 7.6.2
• role of recipient, 7.6.3
• subject, 7.6.4

letters patent, 4.3.5

“lex causae”, 1.1.1(d)

“lex loci delicti”, 1.1.1(d)

Licensing Authority of Secondhand Dealers and Pawnbrokers, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Liquor Licensing Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

lists, 1.2.1

looseleaf texts, 6.3

• edition, 6.3.4
• editor/author, 6.3.2
• general form, 6.3.1
• pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• publisher, 6.3.5
• service update, 6.3.7
• title, 6.3.3

Lord Chancellor (England and Wales),
1.1.6(d)(ii)

Lord Chief Justice (England and Wales), 1.1.6(d)(ii)

Lost Cases Project, 3.7.2

“Ltd”, 1.1.7(h), 3.2.1(b)

M

Macassey’s Reports (1861-1872), 3.2.5(e)

macrons, 1.1.1(c)

magazine articles see newspaper and magazine articles

main text, general rules

• abbreviations see abbreviations
• capital letters see capital letters
• currency, 1.2.4
• dates
  • centuries, 1.2.3(e)
  • decades, 1.2.3(d)
  • format, 1.2.3(b)
  • spans of years, 1.2.3(d)
• emphasis
  • adding, 1.1.4
  • quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(iv)
• footnotes see footnote format and content
• italics see italics
• language see language; spelling
• legislative provisions, abbreviations, 4.1.1(d)
• numbered and bulleted lists, 1.2.1
• numbers see numbers
• personal names see judges’ names; names, personal
• punctuation see punctuation
• quotations, format see quotations
• times, 1.2.3(c)

male pronouns, 1.1.1(a)

“man”/”men”/”mankind”, 1.1.1(a)

Māori Land Court/Māori Appellate Court, 3.5

• block name, 3.5.2
  • applications involving succession, 3.5.2(c)
  • applications with no “subject matter”, 3.5.2(d)
  • giving, 3.5.2(b)
  • separation of case name and block name, 3.5.2(a)
• case name, 3.5.1
  • applications filed by Chief Registrar or Deputy Registrar, 3.5.1(c)
  • contested case, 3.5.1(a)
  • uncontested case, 3.5.1(b)
• Chief Judge, 1.1.6(d)(i)
• Chief Judges’ minute books, 3.5.5(b)
• citation format, 3.5
• court identifiers, Appendix 1
• current minute books and their abbreviations, 3.5
• district Appellate Court minute books, 3.5
• minute book citation, 3.5.5
• minute book reference, 3.5.4
• organisation of decisions, 3.5
• pinpoint reference, 3.5.6
• year of judgment, 3.5.3

Māori words and phrases

• dictionary to use, 1.1.1(c)
• explanations of key concepts in text or footnotes, 1.1.1(c)
• italics, 1.1.1(c), 1.1.3
• macrons, 1.1.1(c)
• organisation names, 1.1.1(c)
• place names, 1.1.1(c)
• quoted text, 1.1.1(c)
• spelling, 1.1.1(c)
• translations, 1.1.1(c)

margins

• court rules, Appendix 6
• university work, Appendix 7 (III)

Master of the Rolls, 1.1.6(d)(ii)

Masters (High Court), 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)

media releases see press releases

Members of Parliament, 1.1.6(b)

metric measurement, units of, 1.1.7(b)

monetary amounts, 1.2.4

Motor Vehicle Disputes Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

“Mr”/”Mrs”/”Ms”, 1.1.6(a)

N

names, countries, 1.1.7(d)

names, courts see court identifiers; courts

names, personal

• authors see under particular sources/types of information
• capitalisation, 1.1.5
• “Dr”/”Professor”, 1.1.6(a)
• footnotes, references to titles in, 6.1.2(c)
• honorifics, generally, 1.1.6(a)
• judges see judges’ names
• Members of Parliament, 1.1.6(b)
• “Mr”/”Mrs”/”Ms”, 1.1.6(a)
• parties see reported cases; unreported cases
• peerage titles
  • footnotes, references in, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)
  • House of Lords judges, 1.1.6(d)(ii)
• post-nominal titles, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)
• speaker, 7.5.2
• suppressed names, 3.2.1(g)
• unpublished interviews
  • interviewee, 7.3.2
  • interviewer, 7.3.4

National Assembly for Wales, 9.4.3(b)

neutral citations

• adoption by senior courts, 3.1(a)
• Australia, 8.2.3, Appendix 2
• Canada, 8.3.3(a), Appendix 3
  • availability, 8.3.3(b)
  • year (distinguishing from report series citations), 8.3.3(a)
• England and Wales, Appendix 4, 8.4.4
• official and non-official, 3.2.2(a)
• online cases, 7.1.9
• particular decision of court or tribunal normally using neutral citation fails to include neutral citation, 3.3.3(d)
• purpose, 3.1(a)
• reported cases
  • case history included, 3.2.11
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.3.1
  • court identifier, 3.2.7(a), 3.3.3
  • format, 3.2.2(b), 3.3
  • general rule for use, 3.1(a), 3.2.2(a)
  • judgment number, 3.3.4
  • parallel citations, 3.2.10
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.3.1
  • report series organised by volume number, 3.2.3(a)
  • separation from reported citation, 3.2.2(c)
  • year of decision, 3.3.2
• Scotland, 8.5.2
• United States, state courts, 8.6.3(c)
• unreported cases
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.3.1
  • court identifier
    • general rule, 3.3.3(a)
    • NZ courts, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
    • NZ tribunals, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1
  • general rule for use, 3.1(a), 3.3, 3.4
  • judgment number, 3.3.4
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.3.1
  • year of decision, 3.3.2

New Zealand Administrative Reports (NZAR), 3.2.3(b)(iii)

• see also law reports (New Zealand); reported cases

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, consistency of Bills, 5.4(f)

New Zealand Council for Law Reporting, 3.2.5(c)

New Zealand Court of Appeal Reports (1867-1877), 3.2.5(e)

New Zealand dollar amounts, 1.2.4

New Zealand Gazette

• citation format, 5.2.4
• Orders in Council, publication of
  • instruments in their own right, 4.3.2
  • legislative instruments, 4.3.1
• proclamations, publication of, 4.3.6

New Zealand Jurist (1873-1879), 3.2.5(e)

New Zealand Jurist Reports (New Series) (1875-1879), 3.2.5(e)

New Zealand Law Reports (NZLR)

• see also law reports (New Zealand); reported cases
• as official series, 3.2.5(c)
• citation, 3.2.3(b)(i)
• Privy Council judgment also reported in AC, 3.2.5(c)

New Zealand Law Society papers, 6.7.2

New Zealand Legal Information Institute (NZLII), judgment numbering system, 3.2.2(a), 3.3

“New Zealand”/”NZ”, 1.1.7(d)

New Zealand’s Lost Cases Project, 3.7.2

news media releases see press releases

newspaper and magazine articles, 7.2

• author, 7.2.2
• date of publication, 7.2.6
• editorials, 7.2.2
• general form, 7.2.1
• online editions, 7.1.1, 7.2
• pinpoint reference, 7.2.7
• place of publication
  • generally, 7.2.5(a)
  • online edition, 7.2.5(b)
• title, 7.2.3
• title of newspaper and section titles, 7.2.4
  • italics, 1.1.3

nominate reports (England and Wales), 8.4.2

non-governmental papers and reports, 5.4

Northern Ireland Assembly, 9.4.3(b)

nouns, capitalisation of, 1.1.5

numbered lists, 1.2.1

numbers

• beginning a sentence, 1.2.3(a)
• commas in, 1.2.3(a)
• expression of, High Court Rules, Appendix 6
• in dates see dates
• in monetary amounts, 1.2.4
• in pleadings, 1.2.3(a)
• in times, 1.2.3(c)
• ordinal, 1.2.3(f)
• percentages, 1.2.3(a)
• ranges, 1.2.3(g)
  • paragraphs or pages, 1.2.3(a), 3.2.8(b)
• report series, numbering see reported cases
• text edition number, 6.1.4
• whole numbers under 10, 1.2.3(a)

Nuremberg, war crimes tribunal, 10.2.2

O

“obiter dictum/obiter dicta”, 1.1.1(d)

official information, 5.3

Official Journal of the European Union (OJ), 10.5.1(b)(ii), 10.5.2(c)

official place names, Māori, 1.1.1(c)

Ombudsmen findings/reports, 5.4(f)

omissions, quoted text, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 1.2.2(b)(v)

online commentaries, 6.3

• date of access, 6.3.7
• edition, 6.3.4
• editor/author, 6.3.2
• general form, 6.3.1
• pinpoint reference, 6.3.6
• publisher, 6.3.5
• title, 6.3.3

online Hansard, 5.1.1

online legal encyclopaedias, 6.5.2, 6.6.2

online materials see emails; Internet materials; newspaper and magazine articles; online commentaries; online Hansard; online legal encyclopaedias

online template, styles for university work, Appendix 7 (I)

Orders in Council

• court rules, 4.3.3
• instruments in their own right, 4.3.2
• legislative abbreviations, 4.1.1(d)
• legislative instruments, 4.3.1
  • pinpoint reference, 4.3.1(c)
  • title, 4.3.1(a)
  • year of enactment, 4.3.1(b)

ordinal numbers, 1.2.3(f)

Ordinances (pre-1854), 4.1.3

organisation names

• capitalisation, 1.1.5
• Māori names, 1.1.1(c)

overseas jurisdictions see Australia; Canada; England and Wales; international criminal courts and tribunals; international materials; judges’ names; Northern Ireland Assembly; Scotland; United Kingdom; United Nations; United States

Oxford commas (serial commas), 1.1.2

P

page numbers

• eBooks also available in hardcopy, 6.1.9(a)
• online cases, 7.1.9
• ranges, 1.2.3(a), 3.2.8(b)
• starting page/pinpoint reference see under particular sources/types of information

paper requirements, High Court Rules, Appendix 6

papers and reports, 5.4

• see also government publications; Internet materials; parliamentary materials
• author, 5.4(a)
• date, 5.4(e)
• examples, 5.4(f)
• official citation available, 5.4(d)
• online working papers, 7.1.1
• publisher, 5.4(c)
• title, 5.4(b)
  • italics, 1.1.3
• unpublished papers, 6.7
  • conference papers, 6.7.2
  • New Zealand Law Society papers, 6.7.2
  • research papers, 6.7.1
  • seminars/webinars, 6.7.2
  • theses, 6.7.1

paragraph numbers

• eBooks also available in hardcopy, 6.1.9(a)
• long quotations from judgments, 1.2.2(a)(ii)
• online cases, 7.1.9
• pinpoint reference see under particular sources/types of information
• ranges, 1.2.3(a), 3.2.8(b)

parallel citations, 3.2.10

Parliament

• Members’ names, 1.1.6(b)
• “Parliament”/”parliamentary”, 1.1.5
• Speaker of the House of Representatives: “Rt Hon”, 1.1.6(b)

parliamentary materials, 5.1

• see also government publications
• AJHR, 5.1.2
  • Law Commission reports in, 5.2.3
• Hansard, 5.1.1
• select committees
  • AJHR documents, 5.1.2
  • amendment of Bills, 4.2.1(d)
  • other reports, 5.2.5
  • reports on Bills, 4.2.2
  • submissions, 5.1.3
• Standing Orders, 5.1.4
• United Kingdom Parliamentary Debates, 5.1.1

part numbers, report series, 3.2.4(b), 3.2.4(c)

pawnbrokers, licensing authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

peerage titles

• footnotes, references in, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)
• House of Lords judges, 1.1.6(d)(ii)

“per”, 3.2.9(a)

“per se”, 1.1.1(d)

percentages, 1.2.3(a)

Permanent Court of International Justice, 10.2.1

personal names see names, personal

personal pronouns, 1.1.1(a)

pilcrow sign (¶), with case numbers, 3.2.6(b)

pinpoint references see under particular sources/types of information

place names, Māori, 1.1.1(c)

“plc”, 3.2.1(b)

pleadings, numbers in, 1.2.3(a)

“pm/”am”, 1.2.3(c)

podcasts, 7.1.8

post-nominal titles, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)

press releases, 7.4

• author, 7.4.2
• date of publication, 7.4.5
• description of document, 7.4.4
• general form, 7.4.1
• government document reference, 7.4.4
• pinpoint reference, 7.4.6
• title, 7.4.3

“prima facie”, 1.1.1(d)

Prime Minister: “Rt Hon”, 1.1.6(b)

Principal Judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)

Private Security Personnel Licensing Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Privy Council

• citation of judgment reported in NZLR and AC, 3.2.5(c)
• Commonwealth Law Reports, court identifier, 3.2.7(b)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)
• Privy Counsellors: “Rt Hon”, 1.1.6(b)

probate, official reports for England and Wales, Appendix 4

proclamations, 4.3.6

“Professor”/”Prof”, 1.1.6(a), 6.1.2(c)

proper nouns, capitalisation of, 1.1.5

prose see abbreviations; capital letters; emphasis; italics; judges’ names; language; names, personal; punctuation

provincial legislation, post-1854, 4.1.4(d)

provincial legislative councils (1848-1853), 4.1.3

provisional Ordinances, pre-1854, 4.1.3(a)

“Pty”, 1.1.7(h), 3.2.1(b)

publication dates see under particular sources/types of information

punctuation

• see also brackets; commas; en dashes; full stops; hyphens; quotation marks; spaces; symbols
• decades, 1.2.3(d)
• footnotes, 2.1.3, 2.2.4(a)
  • number format, 2.2.1
• general rule, 1.1.2
• initialisms, 1.1.7(e), 2.1.3
• lists, 1.2.1
• omissions, quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(v)
• papers and reports
  • publisher, 5.4(c)
  • title, 5.4(b)
• quotations
  • long, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 2.2.2
  • short, 1.2.2(a)(i), 2.2.2
• superscript footnote numbers in main text, 2.2.1
• text subtitles, 6.1.3
• Yearbook of the International Law Commission, document titles, 10.4.4(a)

  Q

Queen

• “Her Majesty, the Queen”, 1.1.5
• “The Queen”, as party, 3.2.1(c)

Queen’s Bench (QB), official reports for England and Wales, 8.4.1(a), Appendix 4

Queen’s Counsel (QC)

• generally, 1.1.6(a)
• judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)

quotation marks

• double
  • AJHR document titles, 5.1.2
  • essay or chapter titles in edited books, 6.2.3
  • foreign language titles, 1.1.1(f)
  • Internet document titles, 7.1.3
  • journal article titles, 6.4.3
  • newspaper article titles, 7.2.3
  • press release titles, 7.4.3
  • reference tags, 1.1.7(c)
  • short quotations, 1.2.2(a)(i)
  • short quotations within long quotations, 1.2.2(b)(i)
  • speech titles, 7.5.3
  • tweets, 7.1.10
  • uses, 1.1.2
• single
  • quotation marks within journal article titles, 6.4.3
  • quotation marks within online article titles, 7.1.3
  • short quotations within short quotations, 1.2.2(b)(i)

quotations

• alterations, general rule, 1.2.2(b)(iii)
• citations within, 1.2.2(b)(ii)
• emphasis added, 1.2.2(b)(iv)
• footnotes within, 1.2.2(b)(ii)
• general rule, 1.2.2
• grammar: quotations forming part of sentence in text, 1.2.2(b)(iii)
• judgment including paragraph numbers, 1.2.2(a)(ii)
• long, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 2.2.2
• macrons in Māori words, 1.1.1(c)
• mistakes and errors (and use of “sic”), 1.2.2(b)(iii)
• omissions (ellipses), 1.2.2(a)(ii), 1.2.2(b)(v)
• quotations within, 1.2.2(b)(i)
• short, 1.2.2(a)(i), 2.2.2

  R

“R” (Regina/Rex), 3.2.1(c)

radio interviews see interviews

ranges of numbers, 1.2.3(g)

• pages or paragraphs, 1.2.3(a), 3.2.8(b)

“ratio decidendi/rationes decidendi”, 1.1.1(d)

“Re”, 3.2.1(d)

Real Estate Agents Disciplinary Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

reference tags

• cases, 2.3.2, 3.2.1(f)
• generally, 1.1.7(c)

“Regional Council”, in case name, 3.2.1(b)

regnal years, Appendix 5

• imperial legislation, 9.4.1(d)
• pre-1853 Ordinances, 4.1.3(c)
• United Kingdom, pre-1963 statutes, 9.4.1(d)

regulations

• European Union, 10.5.2
• New Zealand see Orders in Council

Regulatory Impact Statements, 5.4(f)

reported cases, 3.2

• Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations, 3.2.5(a)
• case history (“aff’d”/”rev’d”), 3.2.11
• case name, 3.2.1
  • “& Anor”/”& Ors”, 3.2.1(b)
  • abbreviated names, 3.2.1(f)
  • additional information about parties, 3.2.1(b)
  • capital letters, 3.2.1(b)
  • case involving more than one action, 3.2.1(b)
  • common names, 3.2.1(e)
  • company and other legal status abbreviations, 3.2.1(b)
  • consolidated cases, 3.2.1(i)
  • Crown, 3.2.1(c)
  • “ex parte”, 3.2.1(d)
  • family law cases, 3.2.1(g)
  • italics, 1.1.3, 3.2.1(a)
  • multiple cases with same parties in same court, 3.2.1(h)
  • names which should not be abbreviated, 3.2.1(b)
  • procedural phrases, 3.2.1(d)
  • “Re”, 3.2.1(d)
  • suppressed names, 3.2.1(g)
  • “v”, 3.2.1(a)
• court identifier, 3.2.7(a)
  • exceptions, 3.2.7(b)
• extracts or digests, 3.2.5(d)
• judge identifier, 3.2.9
  • abbreviations, 3.2.9(c)
  • dissenting judgment, 3.2.9(d)
  • first name use where surname in common, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(b)
  • general rule, 3.2.9(a)
  • “per”, 3.2.9(a)
  • subsequent elevation in office, 3.2.9(e)
• jurisdiction identifier, 3.2.7(c)
• Legal Citations for Aotearoa New Zealand database, 3.2.5(a)
• multiple judgments, court identifier, 3.2.7(a)
• neutral citation available
  • case history included, 3.2.11
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.3.1
  • court identifier, 3.2.7(a), 3.3.3
  • format, 3.2.2(b), 3.3
  • general rule for use, 3.1(a), 3.2.2(a), 3.3
  • judgment number, 3.3.4
  • parallel citations, 3.2.10
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.3.1
  • report series organised by volume number, 3.2.3(a)
  • separation from reported citation, 3.2.2(c)
  • year of decision, 3.3.2
• neutral citation unavailable, 3.1(b)
• online sources, 7.1.9
• overseas see reported cases (specific jurisdictions)
• pinpoint reference, 3.2.8
  • format, 3.2.8(b)
  • page numbers, 3.2.8(a), 3.2.8(b)
  • paragraph numbers, 3.2.8(a), 3.2.8(b)
  • ranges of paragraphs or pages, 3.2.8(b)
  • subparagraphs, 3.2.8(b)
• report series
  • abbreviation of name, 3.2.5(a)
  • early, 3.2.5(e)
  • number (overseas reports), 3.2.5(b)
  • official, 3.2.5(c)
  • unofficial, 3.2.5(d)
• starting page, 3.2.6
  • judgment followed by an appeal under same headnote, 3.2.6(a)
  • rule, 3.2.6(a)
  • unique case number assigned, 3.2.6(b)
• volume number, 3.2.4
• year
  • change in law report structure, 3.2.3(b)
  • District Courts Reports, 3.2.3(b)(iv)
  • Gazette Law Reports, 3.2.3(b)(ii)
  • New Zealand Administrative Reports, 3.2.3(b)(iii)
  • New Zealand Law Reports, 3.2.3(b)(i)
  • round or square brackets, 3.2.3(a)

reported cases (specific jurisdictions)

• Australia
  • ATPR, case numbers, 3.2.6(b)
  • Australian Law Reports, 3.2.5(d)
  • Commonwealth Law Reports, 8.2.1(a)
    • court identifier exception, 3.2.7(b)
    • Privy Council judgments in, 3.2.7(b)
  • court identifier, 8.2.2(a)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • jurisdiction identifier, 8.2.2(b)
  • neutral citation available, 8.2.3, Appendix 2
  • official report series, 8.2.1(a), Appendix 2
  • unofficial report series, 8.2.1(b)
• Canada
  • court identifier, 8.3.2(a)
  • Dominion Law Reports, 8.3.1(b)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • jurisdiction identifier, 8.3.2(b)
  • neutral citation available, 8.3.3, Appendix 3
  • official report series, 8.3.1(a), Appendix 3
  • Supreme Court Reports, court identifier exception, 3.2.7(b)
  • unofficial report series, 8.3.1(b)
• England and Wales
  • All England Law Reports, 3.2.5(d)
  • court identifier, 8.4.3
  • Criminal Appeal Reports, 3.2.6(b)
  • Fleet Street Reports, 3.2.6(b)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • Law Reports (official reports), 8.4.1(a), Appendix 4
  • neutral citation available, 8.4.4, Appendix 4
  • nominate reports, 8.4.2
  • Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, 3.2.6(b)
  • Weekly Law Reports, 8.4.1(b)
• European Commission of Human Rights, 10.5.4
• European Court of Human Rights, 10.5.3(a)
• European Union, 10.5.1
• general rules see reported cases
• International Court of Justice/Permanent Court of International Justice, 10.2.1
• Scotland
  • court identifier, 8.5.1(b)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • neutral citation available, 8.5.2
  • years and brackets, 8.5.1(a)
• United States see United States

reported international arbitral decisions, 10.3.1

reports see government publications; papers and reports; parliamentary materials

Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), 10.3.1(e)

Reports of Patent, Design and Trade Mark Cases, case numbers, 3.2.6(b)

research papers, 6.7.1

“rev’d” (reversed), 3.2.11

“Rt Hon”, 1.1.6(b)

rules, statutory see Orders in Council

rules (DINLIs), 4.3.4

rules of court, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

Rwanda, criminal tribunal, 10.2.2

S

“s” vs “z”, 1.1.1(b)

Scotland

• see also United Kingdom
• reported cases
  • court identifier, 8.5.1(b)
  • general rules, 8.
  • neutral citation available, 8.5.2
  • years and brackets, 8.5.1(a)
• statutes of the Scottish Parliament, 9.4.3(b)
• unreported cases, general rules, 8.

secondary legislation, 4.3

• letters patent, 4.3.5
• Orders in Council
  • court rules, 4.3.3
  • instruments in their own right, 4.3.2
  • legislative abbreviations, 4.1.1(d)
  • legislative instruments, 4.3.1
    • pinpoint reference, 4.3.1(c)
    • title, 4.3.1(a)
    • year of enactment, 4.3.1(b)
• other instruments (DINLIs), 4.3.4

secondary materials see essays and chapters in edited books; Internet materials; journal articles; legal encyclopaedias; looseleaf texts; online commentaries; texts; unpublished papers

secondhand dealers, licensing authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

Security Council resolutions, 10.4.2

“See”/”See also” references in footnotes, 2.2.4(b)

select committees

• AJHR documents, 5.1.2
• amendment of Bills, 4.2.1(d)
• other reports, 5.2.5
• reports on Bills, 4.2.2
• submissions, 5.1.3

seminar papers, 6.7.2

Senior Counsel (SC)

• generally, 1.1.6(a)
• judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)

serial commas (Oxford commas), 1.1.2

“sic”, 1.2.2(b)(iii)

Sierra Leone, Special Court for, 10.2.2

signals in footnotes (“See”/”Compare”/”Contrast”), 2.2.4(b)

signature requirements, High Court Rules, Appendix 6

single quotation marks see quotation marks

“Sir”, 6.1.2(c)

social media, 7.1.10

Social Science Research Network (SSRN), 7.1.1

Social Security Appeal Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

solicitor filing documents, High Court Rules, Appendix 6

“Solicitor-General”, in case name, 3.2.1(b)

sources, citation generally see citation, general rules

sovereign see Queen

spaces

• acronyms, 1.1.7(e)
• omissions, quoted text, 1.2.2(b)(v)

Speaker of the House of Representatives: “Rt Hon”, 1.1.6(b)

Special Court for Lebanon, 10.2.2

Special Court for Sierra Leone, 10.2.2

speeches, 7.5

• date delivered, 7.5.5
• general form, 7.5.1
• location, 7.5.4
• minister or official speaker, 7.5.2
• role of speaker, 7.5.2
• speaker, 7.5.2
• title, 7.5.3
• unpublished conference papers, 6.7.2

spelling

• alternative
  • “judgment” vs “judgement”, 1.1.1(b)
  • “s” vs “z”, 1.1.1(b)
• English words, 1.1.1(b)
• hyphens, 1.1.1(b)
• Internet document titles, 7.1.3
• journal article titles, 6.4.3
• Māori words, 1.1.1(c)
• newspaper article titles, 7.2.3
• paper and report titles, 5.4(b)
• press release titles, 7.4.3
• quoted text: mistakes and errors (and use of “sic”), 1.2.2(b)(iii)
• speech titles, 7.5.3
• text titles, 6.1.3
• United Kingdom, pre-1963 statutes, 9.4.1(a)
• Yearbook of the International Law Commission, document titles, 10.4.4(a)

Standing Orders, 5.1.4

“stare decisis”, 1.1.1(d)

statutes, 4.1

• see also Bills
• capitalisation of word “Act”, 1.1.5
• citation, general rules see citation, general rules
• footnote format and content see footnote format and content
• general form, 4.1.1
  • amendment Act, short title, 4.1.1(a)
  • definitions, references to, 4.1.1(d)
  • jurisdiction, 4.1.1(c)
  • pinpoint reference, 4.1.1(d)
  • provisions within schedules, 4.1.1(d)
  • reference abbreviations, 1.1.7(f)
  • short title, 4.1.1(a)
  • Treaty of Waitangi and Declaration of Independence, 4.1.1(e)
  • year of enactment, 4.1.1(b)
• imperial legislation, 4.1.2, 9.4.1
• Ordinances, pre-1854, 4.1.3
  • Ordinance number, 4.1.3(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 4.1.3(e)
  • provisional Ordinances, 4.1.3(a)
  • regnal year, 4.1.3(c)
  • title, 4.1.3(a)
  • year enacted, 4.1.3(b)
• overseas see statutes (specific jurisdictions)
• post-1854, 4.1.4
  • jurisdiction, 4.1.4(a)
  • pinpoint reference, 4.1.4(c)
  • provincial legislation, 4.1.4(d)
  • short title, 4.1.4(a)
  • year of enactment, 4.1.4(b)

Statutes Amendment Bills, identification of, 4.2.1(b)

statutes (specific jurisdictions)

• Australia, 9.2
• Canada, 9.3.1
  • chapter, 9.3.1(e)
  • general form, 9.3.1
  • jurisdiction, 9.3.1(c)
  • pinpoint reference, 9.3.1(f)
  • revision, 9.3.1
  • short title, 9.3.1(a)
  • volume, 9.3.1(b)
  • year, 9.3.1(d)
• general rules, 9.1
• United Kingdom
  • modern statutes: post-1998, 9.4.3
  • modern statutes: pre-1998 constitutional reforms, 9.4.2
  • national parliaments, 9.4.3(b)
  • pre-1963, 9.4.1
• United States
  • codes, 9.5.1
  • model laws, 9.5.3
  • restatements of the law, 9.5.4
  • session laws, 9.5.2

statutory regulations (legislative instruments) see secondary legislation

Student Allowance Appeal Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

succession to Māori land, 3.5.2(c)

superscript footnote numbers in main text, 2.2.1

Supplementary Order Papers (SOPs), 4.2.3

suppressed names, 3.2.1(g)

Supreme Court

• High Court, pre-1980, distinction, 3.2.7(a)
• judges, 1.1.6(d)(i), 3.2.9(c)
• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.1(a), 3.3.3(b)
• reported cases see reported cases
• transcripts of oral argument, 3.8
• unreported cases see unreported cases; unreported cases (file number citation)

Supreme Court (England and Wales),
1.1.6(d)(ii)

Supreme Court Reports (SCR), court identifier exception, 3.2.7(b)

Supreme Court Rules 2004, 4.3.3

• document style requirements, Appendix 6

symbols

• ¶ (pilcrow sign), with case numbers, 3.2.6(b)
• currency, 1.2.4
• ellipses
  • keyboard shortcut, 1.2.2(b)(v)
  • quoted text, 1.2.2(a)(ii), 1.2.2(b)(v)
• units of measurement, 1.1.7(b)

  T

Taxation Review Authority, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

television interviews see interviews

template, styles for university work, Appendix 7 (I)

Tenancy Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

texts, 6.1

• author, 6.1.2
  • anonymous, 6.1.2(b)
  • each chapter has identified author, 6.1.2(f)
  • extrajudicial writing, 1.1.6(d)(v), 6.1.2(d)
  • honorifics or titles in footnotes, 6.1.2(c)
  • multiple, 6.1.2(e)
  • name, 6.1.2(a)
• citation, general rules see citation, general rules
• eBooks, 6.1.9
• edition, 6.1.4
• editor/general editor, 6.1.2(g)
• essays and chapters see essays and chapters in edited books
• footnote format and content see footnote format and content
• foreign language titles, 1.1.1(f)
• forthcoming works, 6.8
• general form, 6.1.1
• interviews in, 7.3.1
• Māori language see Māori words and phrases
• pinpoint reference, 6.1.8
  • chapters, 6.1.8(b)
  • footnotes or endnotes, 6.1.8(d)
  • generally, 6.1.8(a)
  • multi-volume works, 6.1.8(c)
• place of publication, 6.1.6
  • common names, 6.1.6(b)
  • multiple places, 6.1.6(a)
  • obscure places, 6.1.6(c)
• publisher, 6.1.5
• reference tags see reference tags
• subtitle, 6.1.3
• title, 6.1.3
  • italics, 1.1.3
• year of publication, multi-volume work, 6.1.7

theses, 6.7.1

times, 1.2.3(c)

titles (names) see judges’ names; names, personal

titles (works) see under particular sources/types of information

Tokyo, war crimes tribunal, 10.2.2

transcripts

• Supreme Court oral argument, 3.8
• unpublished interviews, 7.3.7

translations

• foreign language titles, 1.1.1(f)
• foreign language words or phrases, 1.1.1(e)
• Māori language, 1.1.1(c)
• translated versions of historical texts, 7.7.1

treaties, 10.1

• date, 10.1.1(d)
• general form, 10.1.1
• name, 10.1.1(a)
• parties’ names, 10.1.1(b)
• pinpoint reference, 10.1.1(e)
• treaty series citation, 10.1.1(c)
• United Nations Treaty Collection, 10.1.1(c)

Treaty of Waitangi, 4.1.1(e)

tribunals, neutral citation, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

tweets, citation of, 7.1.10

U

“ultra vires”, 1.1.1(d)

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), 7.1.6

United Kingdom

• see also England and Wales; House of Lords; Scotland
• Command Papers, 5.4(f)
• Northern Ireland Assembly, 9.4.3(b)
• Parliamentary Debates, 5.1.1
• statutes
  • general rules, 9.1
  • modern
    • post-1998, 9.4.3
    • pre-1998 constitutional reforms, 9.4.2
  • pre-1963, 9.4.1
• “United Kingdom”/”UK”, 1.1.7(d)

United Nations

• constitutive documents, general form, 10.4.1
• International Law Commission, 10.4.4
• other documents
  • author, 10.4.3(a)
  • date, 10.4.3(d)
  • document number, 10.4.3(c)
  • general form, 10.4.3
  • pinpoint reference, 10.4.3(e)
  • session number, 10.4.3(b)
  • title, 10.4.3(a)
• resolutions, 10.4.2
• treaties see treaties

United States

• cases
  • federal courts, 8.6.2
    • Courts of Appeals, 8.6.2(b)
    • District Court, 8.6.2(a)
    • Supreme Court, 8.6.2(c)
    • Supreme Court Reports, court identifier exception, 3.2.7(b)
  • general rules, 8.1
  • jurisdiction, 8.6.1(b)
  • state courts, 8.6.3
    • court identifier, 8.6.3(a)
    • jurisdiction, 8.6.3(a)
    • neutral citation available (public domain citations), 8.6.3(c)
    • report series, 8.6.3(b)
  • year of decision, 8.6.1(a)
• codes, 9.5.1
• Constitution, 9.5.5
• model laws, 9.5.3
• restatements of the law, 9.5.4
• session laws, 9.5.2
• “United States”/”USA”/”America”, 1.1.7(d)

units of measurement, 1.1.7(b)

university work, additional style rules, Appendix 7

unpublished interviews see interviews

unpublished papers, 6.7

• conference papers, 6.7.2
• New Zealand Law Society papers, 6.7.2
• research papers, 6.7.1
• seminars, 6.7.2
• theses, 6.7.1

unreported cases

• case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • “& Anor”/”& Ors”, 3.2.1(b)
  • abbreviated names, 3.2.1(f)
  • additional information about parties, 3.2.1(b)
  • capital letters, 3.2.1(b)
  • case involving more than one action, 3.2.1(b)
  • common names, 3.2.1(e)
  • company and other legal status abbreviations, 3.2.1(b)
  • consolidated cases, 3.2.1(i)
  • Crown, 3.2.1(c)
  • “ex parte”, 3.2.1(d)
  • family law cases, 3.2.1(g)
  • italics, 1.1.3, 3.2.1(a)
  • multiple cases with same parties in same court, 3.2.1(h)
  • names which should not be abbreviated, 3.2.1(b)
  • procedural phrases, 3.2.1(d)
  • “Re”, 3.2.1(d)
  • suppressed names, 3.2.1(g)
  • “v”, 3.2.1(a)
• historic judgments
  • Lost Cases Project, 3.7.2
  • newspaper reports, 3.7.1
• neutral citation available
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.3.1
  • court identifier, 3.3.3
    • courts, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
    • general rule, 3.3.3(a)
    • tribunals, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1
  • general rule for use, 3.1(a), 3.3, 3.4
  • judgment number, 3.3.4
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.3.1
  • year of decision, 3.3.2
• neutral citation unavailable see unreported cases (file number citation)
• online sources, 7.1.9
• overseas see reported cases (specific jurisdictions)
• pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • format, 3.2.8(b)
  • page numbers, 3.2.8(a), 3.2.8(b)
  • paragraph numbers, 3.2.8(a), 3.2.8(b)
  • ranges of paragraphs or pages, 3.2.8(b)
  • subparagraphs, 3.2.8(b)

unreported cases (file number citation)

• court abbreviation, 3.4.3
• Court of Appeal, 3.4.1(b)
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • date of judgment, 3.4.6
  • file number, 3.4.5(b)
  • judge identifier, 3.4.8
  • minutes and rulings given during trial, 3.4.7
  • multiple file numbers, 3.4.5(e)
  • other formats, 3.4.5(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • registry, 3.4.4
  • separation of file number from date of judgment, 3.4.5(f)
• District Court, 3.4.1(d)
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • date of judgment, 3.4.6
  • file number, 3.4.5(c)
  • judge identifier, 3.4.8
  • minutes and rulings given during trial, 3.4.7
  • multiple file numbers, 3.4.5(e)
  • other formats, 3.4.5(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • registry, 3.4.4
  • separation of file number from date of judgment, 3.4.5(f)
• general rule for use, 3.1(c), 3.4
• High Court, 3.4.1(c)
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • date of judgment, 3.4.6
  • file number, 3.4.5(c)
  • judge identifier, 3.4.8
  • minutes and rulings given during trial, 3.4.7
  • multiple file numbers, 3.4.5(e)
  • other formats, 3.4.5(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • registry, 3.4.4
  • separation of file number from date of judgment, 3.4.5(f)
• online sources, 7.1.9
• other courts and tribunals, 3.4.1(e)
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • date of judgment, 3.4.6
  • Family Court, file number, 3.4.5(c)
  • judge identifier, 3.4.8
  • minutes and rulings given during trial, 3.4.7
  • multiple file numbers, 3.4.5(e)
  • other formats, 3.4.5(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • registry, 3.4.4
  • separation of file number from date of judgment, 3.4.5(f)
• Supreme Court, 3.4.1(a)
  • case name, 3.2.1, 3.4.2
  • date of judgment, 3.4.6
  • file number, 3.4.5(a)
  • judge identifier, 3.4.8
  • minutes and rulings given during trial, 3.4.7
  • multiple file numbers, 3.4.5(e)
  • other formats, 3.4.5(d)
  • pinpoint reference, 3.2.8, 3.4.2
  • registry, 3.4.4
  • separation of file number from date of judgment, 3.4.5(f)
  • transcripts of oral argument, 3.8

unreported cases (specific jurisdictions)

• European Court of Human Rights, 10.5.3(a)
• European Union
  • 2012 onwards, 10.5.1(c)
  • prior to 2012, 10.5.1(b)(ii)
• general rules, 8.1

unreported international arbitral decisions, 10.3.2

V

“v” in case name, 3.2.1(a)

video podcasts, 7.1.8

volume numbers, report series, 3.2.4

vowel modifiers

• foreign words or names, 1.1.1(e)
• macrons in Māori words, 1.1.1(c)

  W

Waitangi Tribunal reports, 3.3.3(b), 3.6

Wales

• see also United Kingdom
• cases see England and Wales
• statutes of the National Assembly, 9.4.3(b)

war crimes tribunals, 10.2.2

Weathertight Homes Tribunal, 3.3.3(c), Appendix 1

webinar papers, 6.7.2

Weekly Law Reports (WLR), 8.4.1(b)

Western Weekly Reports, 8.3.1(b)

working papers, online, 7.1.1

works referred to in another work, 6.9

World Trade Organization (WTO), official documents, 10.6.1

Y

Yearbook of the International Law Commission (YILC), 10.4.4

years

• Bills, introduction, 4.2.1(b)
• centuries, 1.2.3(e)
• cited decisions see international materials; Māori Land Court/Māori Appellate Court; reported cases; unreported cases; Waitangi Tribunal reports
• decades, 1.2.3(d)
• Orders in Council that are legislative instruments, 4.3.2(b)
• regnal see regnal years
• spans, 1.2.3(d)
• statutes, enactment see statutes; statutes (specific jurisdictions)
• texts, year of publication, multi-volume work, 6.1.7

Youth Court

• neutral citation
  • court identifier, 3.3.3(b), Appendix 1
  • year of adoption, 3.3.3(b)
• Principal Judge and judges, 1.1.6(d)(i)

Yugoslavia, criminal tribunal, 10.2.2

Z

“z” vs “s”, 1.1.1(b)